Unlocking the Fascinating Influence of Catnip on Feline Behaviour
Discovering Catnip: The Herb That Transforms Feline Interactions

Catnip, known scientifically as Nepeta cataria, is an intriguing member of the mint family that has captivated many cats with its remarkable effects. The herb's enchanting response in felines primarily stems from its active ingredient, nepetalactone, which is present in the leaves, stems, and seeds. When nepetalactone interacts with the olfactory receptors in a cat's nasal cavity, it triggers a spectrum of responses that can vary dramatically from one feline to another, ensuring each cat's experience is uniquely captivating.
As cats interact with catnip by sniffing, chewing, or rolling in it, they often display behaviours that can be both entertaining and perplexing to their owners. These behaviours may include vocalizations such as purring and meowing, spontaneous rolling, and a host of playful antics. The effects of catnip typically endure for a period ranging from a few minutes up to approximately 30 minutes, after which cats may briefly lose interest in the herb. It is fascinating to note that not every cat responds to catnip; sensitivity to this herb is hereditary, and studies suggest that around 50-70% of felines exhibit a positive reaction to this delightful plant.
The impact of nepetalactone goes beyond mere amusement; it also contributes positively to the overall health and well-being of cats. The euphoric feelings stimulated by catnip can foster a sense of playfulness and curiosity, which are vital for maintaining a cat's mental acuity and physical vitality. For cat owners eager to enhance their feline companions’ lives, gaining insight into what catnip is and how its active component operates is crucial for unlocking its full benefits.
Examining the Neuroscience of Catnip's Allure
The captivating influences of catnip can be linked to its profound effects on a cat's neurological system. Upon inhalation, nepetalactone swiftly travels to the brain, where it activates neurons that govern behaviour. This stimulation prompts a release of chemicals, predominantly dopamine, which plays a pivotal role in the brain's reward mechanisms. The surge of these pleasurable hormones culminates in the euphoric and occasionally hyperactive behaviours that many cat owners often witness in their beloved pets.
While the immediate responses to catnip are undeniably captivating, the long-term ramifications on a cat’s behaviour and mental health warrant equal consideration. Regular exposure to catnip can invigorate a cat's natural instincts, encouraging hunting behaviours and physical activity, which is especially advantageous for indoor cats that might otherwise experience insufficient stimulation. However, it is essential to monitor the frequency of catnip exposure to prevent overstimulation, which can lead to irritability or even aggression in some felines.
Ongoing research continues to illuminate the complexities of catnip and its varying effects across different felines. Preliminary findings indicate that the reactions to catnip can differ not only among individual cats but also across various breeds. For example, some breeds like Siamese and Abyssinians seem to be particularly responsive to catnip, whereas others may show minimal reactions. Current studies aim to delve deeper into the neurological pathways involved and how they shape the overall feline experience with this fascinating herb.
Understanding the Duration and Frequency of Catnip Reactions
Grasping the duration and frequency of a cat’s reaction to catnip is imperative for responsible cat ownership. Typically, the effects of catnip last between 5 to 15 minutes following initial exposure. Once these effects subside, cats may display a temporary indifference to catnip for approximately 30 minutes to two hours. This natural cycle of sensitivity is crucial for keeping a cat's interest alive and preventing desensitisation to the herb's effects.
For cat owners, timing and moderation are key factors to consider. Frequent exposure to catnip can reduce its efficacy, as cats may become accustomed to its effects. It is advisable to limit exposure to every few days, allowing cats to fully savour the invigorating benefits without risking boredom or overstimulation, which can lead to undesirable behavioural changes.
Monitoring your cat’s responses to catnip can help ascertain the ideal frequency tailored to your furry friend. Some cats might exhibit a heightened enthusiasm, while others could respond more subtly. Customising catnip exposure based on your cat’s individual preferences not only boosts their enjoyment but also enriches their overall well-being, striking a harmonious balance between stimulation and relaxation.
Assessing the Effects of Catnip on Feline Behaviour

The Joy of Rolling and Rubbing in Catnip
One of the most entertaining and distinctive behaviours demonstrated by cats under the influence of catnip is the act of rolling and rubbing. This behaviour often involves cats enthusiastically rolling on the ground, rubbing their bodies against catnip-infused items, and expressing their joy through loud purring. But what drives cats to engage in these amusing activities?
Rolling and rubbing are instinctual behaviours that serve multiple purposes. Primarily, these actions facilitate scent-marking, allowing cats to effectively mark their territory. By rolling in catnip, cats indulge in the herb while leaving their scent, thereby claiming it as part of their environment. This innate behaviour traces back to their wild ancestors, who relied on scent for communication and to assert their presence.
Furthermore, the act of rolling and rubbing creates a sensory experience that stimulates both physical and mental engagement. This playful behaviour encourages essential physical exercise that is critical for maintaining a healthy weight and muscle tone. Additionally, the euphoric sensations triggered by nepetalactone inspire cats to embrace their playful nature, leading to more interactive playtime and bonding opportunities with their human companions.
It is crucial to observe your cat during these joyful moments. While rolling and rubbing are generally harmless behaviours, excessive rolling can occasionally lead to skin irritations or injuries, particularly if the surface is abrasive. Creating a safe environment for your cat to indulge in these behaviours ensures they can fully enjoy the delightful effects of catnip without encountering any adverse consequences.
Boosting Playfulness with Catnip
An additional noteworthy effect of catnip on cats is the significant increase in playfulness. Upon encountering catnip, their natural instincts are often heightened, resulting in bursts of energy and enthusiasm. This boost in playfulness can manifest in a variety of behaviours, including chasing toys, pouncing, and engaging in mock hunts, all of which are crucial for their overall physical and mental health.
The stimulating effects of catnip have the potential to transform a lethargic cat into an agile and playful companion. For indoor cats, who may not receive the same stimuli as their outdoor counterparts, catnip serves as an invaluable tool for promoting active play. Providing catnip-infused toys can significantly enrich playtime, allowing cats to engage in their natural behaviours that foster exercise and mental stimulation.
It is important to note that an increase in playfulness is not solely about physical activity. Engaging in play also aids in lowering stress levels and elevating a cat’s mood, making it a vital aspect of feline well-being. For cat owners, incorporating catnip into playtime can strengthen the bond between you and your feline friend. The shared enjoyment of playful antics fosters a more enriched relationship, as your cat associates fun and joy with your presence.
Nevertheless, while increased playfulness is generally beneficial, ensuring a safe environment for your cat to explore is essential. Securing toys and ensuring they are devoid of small parts that could pose a choking hazard is crucial. With the right approach, catnip can be a magical addition to your cat’s playtime routine, enhancing their happiness and overall well-being.
The Calming Effects of Catnip for Anxious Cats

While catnip is often linked to heightened playfulness and excitement, it also possesses potential calming effects for anxious or stressed cats. The ability of nepetalactone to evoke euphoric feelings can translate into relaxation for certain cats, providing a soothing effect during stressful scenarios.
Many cat owners have discovered that introducing catnip during times of anxiety, such as thunderstorms or veterinary visits, can help alleviate their cat’s nervousness. The natural properties of the herb can foster a sense of well-being, aiding cats in coping with stressful stimuli. This duality—acting as both a stimulant and a calming agent—makes catnip a versatile addition to a cat owner’s toolkit.
Beyond immediate calming effects, regular exposure to catnip can contribute to a more balanced emotional state over time. Cats that frequently engage with catnip may develop increased resilience to stressors, as the herb helps cultivate positive associations with their surroundings. This is particularly beneficial in multi-cat households, where competition for resources can lead to stress and tension.
To harness the calming properties of catnip, consider establishing a dedicated space where your cat can enjoy the herb in tranquillity. Whether it’s a cosy corner filled with catnip-infused toys or a scratching post sprinkled with dried catnip, providing a serene environment allows your cat to relax and unwind, ultimately enhancing their quality of life.
Practical Uses of Catnip for Cats
Effectively Integrating Catnip into Training Sessions
Incorporating catnip into training routines can be an extraordinarily effective strategy for reinforcing desired behaviours in your feline companion. The allure of catnip acts as a powerful motivator, transforming training sessions into enjoyable experiences for both you and your cat.
When introducing catnip as a reward, timing is crucial. It’s best to offer it immediately after positive behaviours occur, helping your cat associate the behaviour with the pleasurable experience of catnip. For instance, if you want to teach your cat to use a scratching post instead of the furniture, sprinkling some catnip on the post can serve as an enticing lure. This positive reinforcement encourages them to engage with the scratching post more frequently.
Moreover, catnip can transform training sessions from mundane tasks into enjoyable games. By incorporating play with catnip into your training routine, you can elevate your cat’s motivation to learn. Utilizing catnip during clicker training or to encourage your cat to perform tricks can enhance their focus and willingness to participate.
It’s essential to monitor your cat’s reactions during training sessions involving catnip. Some cats may become overly excited and lose focus, making effective training challenging. Adjust the amount of catnip used based on your cat’s temperament and energy levels, ensuring that training remains a positive experience.
Selecting the Best Catnip Toys and Accessories
Choosing the right catnip-infused toys and accessories can significantly enhance your cat’s enjoyment and interaction with the herb. The market offers a wide array of options, ranging from plush toys filled with dried catnip to sprayable catnip for your existing toys. Understanding the various product types available will assist you in selecting the best ones for your feline friend.
A popular choice is catnip pillows or stuffed toys, designed for cuddling, rolling, and playful enjoyment. These toys can pique your cat’s curiosity and prompt them to engage in playful behaviours. Look for toys that are well-made and crafted from safe materials, ensuring they can withstand the enthusiastic play that often accompanies catnip enjoyment.
Another excellent option is catnip sprays, which can refresh worn-out toys or even furniture. Spraying catnip on scratching posts or climbing structures can entice your cat to use them more frequently, redirecting their energy toward appropriate activities.
When introducing new catnip products, observe your cat’s reactions and preferences. Some cats may favour specific textures or types of toys, while others may show indifference. By tailoring your choices to your cat’s unique tastes, you can maximise their enjoyment of catnip and create a more stimulating environment.
Managing Catnip Use in Multi-Cat Households
Overseeing catnip consumption in multi-cat households can pose unique challenges. While some cats may revel in the effects of catnip, others might become territorial or aggressive when competing for access to it. Understanding how to navigate these dynamics is crucial for maintaining harmony among your feline companions.
One effective strategy is to introduce catnip in a controlled manner. Instead of providing a large quantity of catnip all at once, consider offering it to each cat individually, allowing them to enjoy the herb without feeling threatened by their housemates. This approach can diminish competition and foster a more positive experience for all cats involved.
Furthermore, consider rotating catnip toys or accessories to keep each cat engaged without overwhelming them. By allowing cats to experience catnip at different times, you can ensure that each cat has an opportunity to enjoy the effects without conflict.
It’s also vital to monitor your cats’ reactions during these sessions. If one cat tends to dominate the catnip experience, it may be necessary to establish boundaries and ensure that all cats have equal opportunities to enjoy their time with the herb. This approach not only promotes a peaceful environment but also enriches their lives by allowing each cat to experience the delightful effects of catnip without stress or anxiety.
Health and Safety Considerations for Catnip Use in Cats
Assessing the Safety of Catnip for Your Feline Friend
While catnip is generally regarded as safe for most felines, it’s crucial to understand that not all cats will respond positively to it. Some cats may exhibit mild gastrointestinal upset if they consume excessive amounts of catnip, while others may experience no adverse effects whatsoever. This variability underscores the importance of moderation when incorporating catnip into your cat’s routine.
Kittens under three to six months old typically do not exhibit sensitivity to catnip, as they have yet to develop the necessary receptors that respond to the herb. Additionally, certain medical conditions or medications may affect a cat’s reaction to catnip. Consulting with your veterinarian before introducing catnip is advisable, particularly for older cats or those with underlying health issues.
Monitoring your cat’s behaviour after exposure to catnip is crucial. If you notice any signs of distress, such as excessive vocalisations, aggressive behaviour, or vomiting, it may indicate that catnip is not suitable for your cat. In such circumstances, discontinuing use and seeking guidance from your veterinarian can help protect your cat’s health and well-being.
Recognising the Risks of Overusing Catnip
While catnip can provide enjoyable experiences for felines, overexposure can lead to overstimulation. Signs of overstimulation may include hyperactivity, aggression, or a temporary loss of interest in play. It is vital for cat owners to recognise these indications and adjust the frequency and amount of catnip provided accordingly.
To prevent overstimulation, it is advisable to limit catnip exposure to once every few days. This interval allows your cat to relish the herb without becoming desensitised to its effects. Additionally, providing a calm and quiet environment after a catnip session can help your cat regain their composure.
If a cat becomes overly excited or aggressive during a catnip session, it may be beneficial to remove the source of catnip and allow them to calm down in a serene space. This approach ensures that your cat can enjoy the stimulating effects of catnip while maintaining a balanced emotional state.
In summary, recognising the signs of overuse and adjusting exposure accordingly is vital for fostering a healthy relationship with catnip. By practising moderation and mindfulness, you can ensure that your cat enjoys the advantages of catnip without potential drawbacks.
Exploring Catnip Alternatives for Your Feline Companion
While catnip is cherished by many felines, it’s important to consider alternatives for those cats who may not respond to it or require different types of stimulation. Fortunately, several other herbs and plants can evoke comparable reactions in cats, offering exciting new avenues for play and enjoyment.
One popular alternative is silver vine (also referred to as Actinidia polygama), which has been shown to trigger playful behaviours in cats that do not respond to catnip. Its unique compounds can provide a delightful experience, making it an excellent addition to a cat’s toy collection.
Another option is valerian root, which can produce calming effects in some cats while still promoting playful behaviours. The terpenoids found in valerian root can create a sense of euphoria similar to that of catnip, making it a worthwhile alternative for cats who may not enjoy catnip.
In addition to these herbs, many commercial cat toys now incorporate a mix of various enticing scents, including catnip, silver vine, and valerian root. Experimenting with these alternatives can provide new experiences for your cat, enriching their environment and enhancing their overall well-being.
In conclusion, while catnip is a beloved herb for many cats, exploring alternatives can offer additional stimulation and enjoyment for those who may not respond to traditional catnip products.
Understanding Age and Breed Influences on Catnip Reactions
Introducing Kittens to the Wonders of Catnip
A common query among cat owners is when kittens can begin to experience the delightful effects of catnip. Generally, the ability to respond to catnip develops around three to six months of age. Before this age, kittens typically lack the necessary receptors to react to the active compound, nepetalactone.
Introducing catnip to kittens should be done with caution. It’s advisable to wait until they reach the appropriate age to ensure they can safely enjoy the herb without adverse reactions. Once your kitten reaches the right age, offering small amounts of catnip can encourage playfulness and stimulate their natural hunting instincts.
When introducing catnip to kittens, consider using toys infused with catnip rather than offering it in its raw form. This method allows for controlled exposure and promotes interactive play. Observing your kitten’s reactions can provide valuable insights into their preferences and help you gauge their sensitivity to catnip.
As your kitten matures, catnip can play a significant role in their development. The excitement and stimulation derived from catnip can encourage healthy play behaviours, which are crucial for their physical and mental growth. By incorporating catnip into their playtime, you can enhance their overall well-being and foster a strong bond between you and your feline companion.
Senior Cats and Their Interaction with Catnip
The effects of catnip can differ significantly in senior cats compared to their younger counterparts. As cats age, their sensitivity to catnip may diminish due to changes in their neurological systems. While some senior cats still respond positively to catnip, others may show little to no interest.
Introducing catnip to senior cats can be beneficial, but it’s crucial to approach it with mindfulness. Offering small amounts of catnip can help stimulate their playfulness and encourage physical activity, essential for maintaining their overall health. However, it’s vital to monitor their reactions closely to ensure they do not become overstimulated or anxious.
For senior cats who may not respond to catnip, exploring alternatives such as silver vine or valerian root can provide new avenues for stimulation. These alternatives may elicit playful behaviours in older cats who may have grown indifferent to catnip.
Overall, while senior cats may not experience the same level of excitement from catnip as they did in their youth, offering it as an enrichment tool can still positively contribute to their quality of life. Engaging them in gentle play and providing opportunities for stimulation is essential for their happiness and well-being.
Understanding Breed-Specific Variations in Catnip Sensitivity
Interestingly, the response to catnip can also vary among different cat breeds. Research indicates that certain breeds may be more or less sensitive to catnip, leading to fascinating behavioural variations. For instance, breeds such as Siamese, Burmese, and Abyssinians are known to exhibit heightened reactions to catnip, often engaging in playful antics and showcasing enthusiasm.
In contrast, some breeds, like the Russian Blue and the Scottish Fold, may show minimal interest in catnip. This variation in sensitivity is believed to be largely hereditary, as the ability to respond to catnip is linked to genetic factors. For cat owners, understanding their cat’s breed-specific traits can provide valuable insights into their potential reactions to catnip.
For owners of cats who are less responsive to catnip, it may be beneficial to explore alternatives that can provide similar stimulation. Experimenting with various herbs and toys can help identify what works best for your feline friend. By tailoring your approach to their unique preferences, you can enhance their playtime experience and overall well-being.
In conclusion, recognising the breed-specific variations in catnip sensitivity can guide cat owners in providing the best possible experiences for their pets. By understanding your cat’s individual traits and preferences, you can ensure they enjoy the enriching effects of catnip or suitable alternatives.
Demystifying Common Myths About Catnip
Understanding Catnip: Does It Induce a “High” in Cats?
A prevalent myth surrounding catnip is that it induces a “high” in cats, akin to the effects of recreational drugs in humans. However, this misconception misrepresents the true nature of catnip‘s effects on felines. Instead of causing intoxication, catnip stimulates a natural behavioural response that is deeply rooted in a cat’s instincts.
When cats encounter nepetalactone, they experience heightened sensations of playfulness and euphoria, leading to increased activity and excitement. This reaction is purely physiological and does not result in any harmful effects or dependency. Understanding this distinction is crucial for cat owners, as it reassures them of catnip‘s safety and reinforces its role as a beneficial tool for enrichment.
In summary, while catnip does elicit a euphoric response in many cats, it is not comparable to the experience of a drug high. Instead, it enhances their natural instincts and encourages playful behaviour, promoting overall well-being without the risks associated with substance use.
The Human Perspective: Exploring Catnip's Benefits for Humans
Curiosity often arises regarding whether humans can partake in the effects of catnip. While catnip is primarily known for its impact on cats, it has also been utilised in herbal medicine for humans for centuries. In fact, catnip has traditionally been used for its calming properties.
Human consumption of catnip is generally safe and can be enjoyed in various forms, such as teas or tinctures. The herb is believed to possess mild sedative effects, potentially aiding in relaxation and sleep. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating catnip into your wellness routine, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.
While catnip may not elicit the same euphoric experience in humans as it does in cats, its calming properties can be beneficial for those seeking natural remedies for stress or anxiety.
In conclusion, although catnip is primarily associated with feline behaviour, it does offer potential benefits for humans, making it a versatile herb worth exploring.
Dispelling the Myth of Catnip Addiction
Another prevalent myth is the notion that cats can become addicted to catnip. This misunderstanding often arises from the intense reactions some felines exhibit when exposed to the herb. However, the reality is quite different: cats do not develop a dependency on catnip in the same way that humans can become addicted to substances.
The effects of catnip are temporary, lasting for a brief period before cats revert to their baseline state. After experiencing the effects, cats typically lose interest in catnip for a while, demonstrating that their response is not one of addiction but rather a natural reaction to the herb.
To ensure your cat enjoys catnip safely, it is essential to practise moderation. Limiting exposure to every few days allows your feline friend to relish the delightful effects without becoming desensitised. By maintaining this balance, you can provide enriching experiences for your cat while avoiding any misconceptions about addiction.
In summary, while cats may display enthusiastic responses to catnip, it is crucial to understand that their reactions are not indicative of addiction. Instead, they reflect their natural instincts and enjoyment of the herb, making it a safe and beneficial addition to their routine when used responsibly.
Enhancing Your Cat’s Life Through Catnip
Creating Your Own Catnip Garden for Enrichment
For cat owners seeking to enrich their feline companions’ lives, cultivating a catnip garden can be a delightful and rewarding endeavour. Not only does growing your own catnip provide an endless supply of the herb, but it also offers an engaging way for your cat to explore and interact with their environment.
When establishing a catnip garden, choose a sunny location with well-draining soil. Catnip is a hardy perennial that thrives in a variety of conditions, making it an excellent choice for most gardeners. Planting seeds or seedlings is straightforward, and with proper care, you’ll soon have an abundance of catnip for your feline friend to enjoy.
Encouraging your cat to explore the garden can also provide mental stimulation. Allowing them to sniff, nibble, and play in the garden promotes natural behaviours and enhances their overall well-being. Just ensure that any other plants in the garden are safe for cats, as some common garden plants can be toxic.
Regularly harvesting and drying your homegrown catnip allows you to create toys and treats for your cat, enriching their playtime experience. This hands-on approach not only enhances your cat‘s life but also strengthens the bond between you and your feline companion, making it a fulfilling endeavour for both.
Crafting Custom DIY Catnip Toys
Creating your own catnip toys can be a fun and fulfilling activity that allows you to personalise playtime for your feline friend. Making DIY catnip toys is not only cost-effective but also provides a unique opportunity to tailor the toys to your cat’s individual preferences.
Simple projects, such as sewing small fabric pouches filled with dried catnip, can yield engaging toys that your cat will adore. Alternatively, you can repurpose old socks or fabric scraps by filling them with catnip and securely tying them off. This not only gives your cat a new toy to enjoy but also contributes to reducing waste.
Incorporating various textures and shapes into your DIY toys can elevate your cat’s sensory experience. For example, using crinkly materials or dangling strings can add an extra layer of excitement, encouraging your cat to engage in playful behaviours. Regularly rotating the toys can help maintain your cat’s interest and ensure they remain engaged and stimulated.
By crafting your own catnip toys, you can create a tailored play experience for your cat, enhancing their enjoyment and overall well-being. This hands-on approach allows you to bond with your feline friend while providing them with engaging, interactive play.
Using Catnip to Strengthen Your Bond with Your Cat
Utilising catnip as a bonding tool with your feline companion can significantly enhance your relationship and create positive shared experiences. The playful and stimulating effects of catnip offer an excellent opportunity for interactive play, fostering a deeper connection between you and your cat.
Participating in playtime with catnip-infused toys not only provides entertainment but also encourages trust and communication. When you engage in your cat’s play, they learn to associate you with enjoyable experiences, thereby enhancing your bond. This shared time is crucial for building a strong relationship, as it allows your cat to feel secure and cherished.
Moreover, incorporating catnip into training sessions can further enrich your bond. Rewarding your cat with catnip for positive behaviours cultivates a sense of teamwork and cooperation, reinforcing the idea that you are working together towards a common goal. This dynamic can lead to a more harmonious living environment and a happier, more confident feline.
In summary, using catnip to foster bonding and interaction is a wonderful way to enhance your cat’s life. By creating positive experiences through play and training, you can cultivate a deep and lasting relationship with your feline friend.
Answering Common Questions About Catnip and Its Effects on Cats
What is the Best Method to Introduce Catnip to My Cat?
Introduce catnip gradually by offering a small amount in a toy or scratching post. Observe your cat’s reaction and adjust exposure based on their comfort level, ensuring a positive experience.
Can Catnip Help in Managing Behavioural Issues in Cats?
Yes, catnip can potentially assist with behavioural issues by promoting playfulness and reducing anxiety. However, it’s essential to monitor your cat’s reactions and consult a veterinarian for persistent issues.
Where Can I Find Quality Catnip for My Cat?
Look for high-quality, organic catnip from reputable pet stores or online retailers. Ensure it is free from additives or chemicals to provide the safest experience for your cat.
Is Catnip Safe for Kittens?
Kittens typically do not respond to catnip until they are around 3-6 months old. Once they reach that age, introducing small amounts can be safe and enjoyable for them.
Do All Cats Enjoy Catnip?
Not all cats respond to catnip; sensitivity is genetic. Approximately 50-70% of cats exhibit reactions, while others may show little to no interest.
How Often Can I Offer Catnip to My Cat?
It’s advisable to limit catnip exposure to every few days to prevent desensitisation and ensure your cat continues to enjoy its effects.
Is Catnip Harmful to My Cat?
Generally, catnip is safe for cats. However, overconsumption may lead to mild gastrointestinal upset. Moderation is key to ensuring your cat’s well-being.
Can Catnip Help Calm My Anxious Cat?
Yes, catnip can have calming effects for some cats, particularly when used in stressful situations, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety.
What Are Some Alternatives to Catnip?
Alternatives to catnip include silver vine and valerian root, which can elicit similar playful reactions in cats who do not respond to catnip.
How Long Do the Effects of Catnip Last?
The effects of catnip typically last between 5 to 15 minutes, after which cats may lose interest temporarily, often for about 30 minutes to two hours.
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